The Heineken Marketing Dispute Over Product Cost Essay - 2

The Heineken Marketing Dispute Over Product Cost - Essay Example Heineken refused to supply Forty Foot, a newly owned pub of Wetherspoon’s. Heineken could lose a lot of profits if it ends its relationship with the pub chains of Ireland. Wetherspoon’s chain is well known for selling food and drinks at cheap prices in the UK. It’s an entry into the Irish market would mean that competition would increase and prices would be driven down; Heineken is not happy with this, so it has demanded its distributors in Ireland including Wetherspoon’s and Dublin to sell its products at high prices (Pogatchnik 2014). Wetherspoon’s has a plan of opening 30 pubs in Ireland by buying failed businesses in the country as an entry strategy. This article is relevant to the concept of marketing channels. The types of marketing channels are direct selling, selling through intermediaries, dual distribution, and reverse channels. The method used by Heineken in this article is the dual distribution mechanism whereby the company uses more than one channel simultaneously in the same market. For example, Heineken sells to Whetherspoon’s and Duplin at the same time to reach the market of Ireland. The concept of marketing channels suggests that the dual distribution channel may cause conflict among channels (Venugopal 2001, p.67). This is what happened with Heineken as some of its distributors rejected its products. The company also utilizes intermediaries and agents to sell its products which involve Manufacturer-Agent-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer. This marketing channel is used to reach the market indirectly to target markets (Venugopal 2001, p.130). For example, Heineken sells to the market through pubs such as Duplin and Whetherspoon’s which in turn sell to retailers or sell directly to consumers.

Complete standartisation of offerings and marketing interactions in Essay

Complete standartisation of offerings and marketing interactions in International Marketing strategy is always the main goal to - Essay Example The economic reforms adopted by the governments in different economies across the world led to the inflow of investments by the companies in the foreign countries which opened up the global markets for the companies of different sizes across the world. The transformation in the business environment led to the modification in the international strategies adopted by the companies. Thus the marketing environment and the culture of the companies underwent rapid changes over the period of time. The developments in the market environment and the strategies adopted by the organizations have come up in order to respond to the changes in the consumer behaviour and demands of the customers in the economy. The advancement in communication technologies and other online applications as a result of strategic implementations in the global markets have changed the outlook of the customers of the companies. The customers have become more aware of the information on the products and the services offer ed in the global arena. The level of awareness of the customers has increased and they have started to weigh the different options for the products and services offered by the companies in the international markets. The customers have learnt to define their needs in a far better manner and seek solution to satisfy their wants on a consistent basis (Andrus, 1990, p.430). Apart from this, there have an increase in the competition among the business houses for offering the products and services in the market. In order to gain competitive advantage, the companies started to focus on their strategies to avoid duplication of information on the products and services offered by the company. This led to the standardization of the offerings and marketing interactions as an important trend in the international marketing strategies of the companies. International Marketing strategy The standardization of product offerings and marketing interactions is extremely important for the multinational c ompanies in order to increase the acceptability of the business in the eyes of their customers. As the approach of standardization helps the companies to achieve success in the business operations, the multinational companies include this approach in the international marketing strategies designed by the multinational organizations. The companies that have wide spread operations in various markets across international boundaries considers the changing trends of consumer behaviour in order to design international marketing strategies that are important for achieving successful and sustainable business operations. The experience and learning gathered by the companies in the local markets are applied to the several foreign markets where the company has expanded its operations. The companies ensure that there is no duplication of the information available to the customer on the product and service offerings of the company in different international markets. The international marketing s trategy also takes into account the activities of promotion and marketing interaction done by the executive in several foreign markets. The sequence of penetration and expansion of the business in the foreign markets are important part of the international marketing strategy (Cavusgil, 1994, p.20). The multinational companies that operate in the different foreign market are faced with situations of varying market demands and consumer behaviour

ICT in health services

ICT in health services ICT in health service. Information technology coursework- 1ST draft Improving the health of individuals and communities, and strengthening health systems, disease detection and prevention are crucial to development and poverty reduction. ICTs have the potential to impact almost every aspect of the health sector. In public health, information management and communication processes are pivotal, and are facilitated or limited by available ICTs. ICT-Information and Communications Technology is a study or business of developing and using technology to process information and aid communications. ICT can be used nearly everywhere around us; at schools, in police stations, libraries, banks, weather forecasting, supermarkets and in health services. It makes our lives easier, by quicker and good quality research, by storing important information, and quick passing down of any information, in nearly every form that we want. ICT in health services is used mainly to achieve poverty reduction and improving health of the most poor and exposed to many diseases, because of lack of medicine, people.   It already have made a big impact on the health care by: Improved   spread of public health information and facilitated public conversations around major health threats. Enabled distant consultations, diagnosis and treatment trough telemedicine(an application of clinical medicine where medical information is transferred through a phone, internet or other networks) Facilitated teamwork and cooperation among health workers More effective health research Strengthened ability to monitor public health threats and responding to them very quickly Improved efficiency of administrative systems. ICT is very important in health services because improving health includes improving public health and medical   programs designed to provide optional, emergency, and long-term clinical care. Reliable information and effective communication, like mobile telephony, e-mails or video-conferencing, are vital elements in public health practices.   Doctors from all around the world may communicate with each other and discuss any health issues without leaving their homes or offices. Also, increased and more accessible information helps people with improving their own health. The use of ICT in health sectors have focused on three broad categories: Improving functioning of   health care systems, which includes management of patients care and records, administrative and ordering systems . Improving the delivery of health care through better diagnosis, training among workers, and supporting them in primary health care. Improving communication in health services, including improved communication between workers and feedback on the impact of health services and interventions. ICTs help with improving the health care delivery in a number of ways. Telemedicine is one of them. It helps countries deal with shortages of professional doctors through better coordination of resources and helps in sharing experience and professional development. Also, there are ICTs like radios. For instance, in Nepal, rural health workers may get information and support through the radio. They are given a chance to receive standardized instructions. HIV and AIDS are supported by electronic network and communication. Electronic networks are valid and workable means of providing learning and dialogue, highlighting issues and creating virtual conferences among those who cannot attend in person. A project in South Africa, Asia and the Pacific was created to provide electronic networking and communication, so that an opportunity is given for people to attend many conferences. In developing countries, many health workers involved in primary health   are isolated. They often work alone, and have little or no access to up-to-date information and chances to exchange experience with colleagues. The situation is starting to improve though, thanks to PDAs(Personal Digital Assistants)-small, handheld devices that enable workers to have access to important and needed information, store and capture health data. In Ghana, Kenya   and Uganda PDAs are very common. In Ghana, they are used by community volunteers. In Kenya, medical students were equipped with the small devices, that were loaded with relevant information about their studies. While in Uganda, practicing   physicians were given the devices containing basic reference material as part of their continuing medical education.   In summary, telemedicine provides benefits, like urban and rural linkages and connecting health staff to centralized health expertise. Phones and e-mails that are incorporated into medical practices can make a significant difference. Also, multiple ICT routes are used for e-learning in a mixed toolbox approach, eg. Using internet, SMS, PDAs, radio, printouts. People take in new information, ideas, and approaches in terms of their own local context and social, economic and cultural processes. They   adapt them into their daily realities in ways that help them better deal with the local situation. They have to understand the culture of another country and find out whether the treatment they want to give the patients is right for them, taking into account their religion, for example. ICTs help them with that.   They provide opportunities to encourage dialogue and social mobilization. Approaches that are being used for any of these purposes include: developing internet information portals, using mass media to broadcast widely, developing interactive programming on broadcast media and making more effective use of existing communication systems. Communication systems are already quite developed, still, though, they need an increase in effectiveness. We can observe the quick development of communication systems through, eg. GIS-Geographical Information Systems. These devices have a very important use; they help to predict and identify the spread of any harmful diseases. In many countries, it already had helped a lot. In Bangladesh, GIS data had been used to warn the health authorities from the spread of cholera in coastal cities. Communication systems may be developing, but there are three main barriers that restrain the successful application of ICT in the health sector in developing countries: connectivity, capacity and content. With connectivity, the issues are about lack of access to electricity,   high costs, lack of telecom policy or solar power options. With capacity, the problems are with ensuring that information are culturally appropriate. While content problems include lack of   local content creation and the language used. Although, many poor and developing countries already use ICTs in the health sectors, they still have to be developed, so there is two-way communication and the messages and information are clear. A good example is Namibia, where there were statistics made how Namibian doctors used ICTs to deliver health services to their patients. A questionnaire was administrated to 21 health service providers in two regions of the country, from one of which was rural, the other urban. All said that ICTs are very important (100%). 91% said ICT helps them interacting with other health service providers. The most common ICT is a telephone(36%), the next one is a PC (23%). The most commonly used channels of communication with patients are telephones followed by television.   Namibia has big problems with budgets and lack of basic infrastructures, like electricity or telephone lines. â€Å"There is a need to promote ICT use for health service delivery and also to stimulate patients to use ICT to acce ss health services and relevant information.† ICTs in health services are very important. Thanks to ICT health workers may make better treatment decisions, hospitals will provide better quality and safer care, people will make informed choices about their health, and policymakers will be better informed of any risks. Also, health service workers have to communicate between each other to help reduce poverty and help the poor. It is already achieved by telephones; SMS, calls, internet: e-mails, video-conferencing, but still has to be developed due to many barriers, like lack of telephone lines or poor access to the internet. Also, governments have to invest in organization of health services in their own countries, and, for example, bring the NHS plan to life. It will still take a lot of planning, evaluating and money, but the better the communication between countries and health services in different places, the bigger the chance of reduction of diseases, epidemics or any sicknesses. As we can see, ICTs may help very much in the health service, but looking from the other side, ICTs may damage our health. There are various problems with health that are consequences of the use of computers, watching television etc.   We are susceptible to stress, eyestrain and injuries to the neck, back and wrists.   Therefore every employer, every parent, every child must be careful and take steps to protect themselves and others.   While using the computer, we sometimes do not think of all the consequences and we do not even know how serious they could be. If the monitor flickers, you do not use a screen filter and do not take regular breaks, you can have a headache, your eyes may burn and itch. What else can happen to you and why? Back pain, due to the weird position we have while sitting in front of the computer, R.S.I. (Repetitive Strain Injury), which means your hand may be weak, swelled etc. The most common one, especially at work, is stress. â€Å"Many people are afr aid of computers, they dont understand them and feel they will look stupid if they admit that they dont know how to operate one. People worry that a computer will be able to replace them and they might lose their jobs.† These are just some reasons why people may feel stressed out because of the computers. The employer needs to provide steps to protect his workers, as the law (‘Health and safety Act 1974) states.   The law states that an employer must: provide tiltable screens provide anti-glare screen filters provide adjustable chairs provide foot supports make sure lighting is suitable make sure there is sufficient space for people to work train employees how to use work stations correctly ensure employees have sufficient breaks pay for regular eye sight tests for anyone who needs prescription glasses in order to use the computer. To protect us from the side effects of using computers, a science had been introduced, which concerns designing safe and comfortable furniture and machines. It is called ergonomics. It states sunlight is the best light but it cannot reflect in your screen, the desk should support your arms, the computer monitor should be at the eye level or just below, and the screen should be about 45 cm away from your face etc. Nowadays ICTs are our companions nearly everywhere.   It is extremely important in the health service (and not only), mainly because of the quick passing down information and it was created to reduce poverty and help people, but we still cannot forget that it can damage our health, as well as improve it. Important or not, we have to use ICTs wisely. Bibliography: http://www.teach-ict.com/gcse/theory/healthsafety/miniweb/index.htm http://www.ictri.port.ac.uk/overview.htm http://www.publictechnology.net/content/1480 http://jtt.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/6/285 Improving health, connecting people; the role of ICT s in the health sector of Developing Countries, framework paper, 31st May 2006. Improving health, connecting people; the role of ICT s in the health sector of Developing Countries, framework paper, 31st May 2006. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ICT.html http://jtt.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/6/285 http://www.ictri.port.ac.uk/overview.htm http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modloadname=Newsfile=articlesid=1480 http://www.teach-ict.com/gcse/theory/healthsafety/miniweb/pg5.htm http://www.teach-ict.com/gcse/theory/healthsafety/miniweb/pg7.htm

Intelligent Design and Intelligent Way of Disguising Religion Essay

Could Adam and Eve have been apes? Evolutionists say humans evolved from apes, but many religious people cannot swallow the thought. For years, religious people have voiced their unhappiness with schools teaching evolution. In Genesis, it states that God put all plants, animals, and people on this planet, and evolution contradicts that. Creationists are in accordance with scripture and believe that this biblical idea should be presented in science classes. The idea of including creationism in schools has been heard in courts multiple times but with no success. Now, the creationists have a new way of presenting it. They disguise it behind science and use the term Intelligent Design. Intelligent Design is creationism with a new name and is the attempt of many to incorporate religion into school systems and science education; it has no legitimacy as a true scientific theory, because at its core, it is not science. Intelligent Design poses a real threat to the education of our nation. At least twelve different states have brought up the idea of Intelligent Design or creationism in state courts (â€Å"Intelligent Design in Politics†). One of the most important court cases occurred in the county in which I live, so for me, Intelligent Design hits close to home. The case occurred in 2005 and was called Selman v Cobb County school district. It dealt with the issue of stickers being placed in textbooks that stated, â€Å"This textbook contains material on evolution. Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things. This material should be approached with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically considered† (Matsumura). Although I was taught evolution after the case had been settled and the county was forced to remove... ...Prod. Vanessa Tovell. PBS. 13 Nov. 2007. Television. Transcript. Reuland, Steve. "Intelligent Design vs. Creationism." The Panda's Thumb. 9 Nov. 2005. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. . West, John G. "Intelligent Design Research Lab Highlighted in New Scientist." Evolution News & Views. Discovery Institute, 19 Dec. 2006. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. evolutionnews.org/2006/12/intelligent_design_research_la002983.html>. Zimmerman, Michael. "Detailed Record Combating the Fifth Wave of Creationism: Religious Leaders and Scientists Working Together." EBSCO Host. EBSCO Industries, May 2010. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. sid=37d09244-f711-4029-a3b8-92642f2becaa%40sessionmgr110&vid=5&hid= 106&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=50287974>.

Masters of public health revised

For more than twenty years, I have worked as a dental surgeon in the Armed Forces of Pakistan.   I have spent a great part of my professional life as a dental practitioner in some of the most challenging circumstances while working with extremely basic facilities at a community level.   I have also served a diversified group of people regardless of their socio-economic status.   Since HIV and hepatitis are highly communicable diseases that can be acquired through dental treatment and related procedures, I have created public awareness about its prevention through information dissemination by means of conducting lectures, video films and posters. I have also provided information about the dental health status of the population and the inequities in health program.   In addition, I have shared my knowledge about the determinants of health and illness, strategies for health promotion, injury prevention, health protection and the factors that influence the delivery and use of health services.   I was also tasked to carry out a regular annual oral dental inspection at various community levels.   I assessed all the information that was gathered and prepared budgets, reports and recommendations for policy and program development.   These efforts led to the development of a school dental program in Pakistan. I completed my dental studies in the prestigious, de’Montmorency College of Dentistry in Pakistan.   This is a high profiled and oldest dental college in my country.   My interest in the field of public health stems from the dental services that I have done for over two decades while serving the Armed Forces of Pakistan.   This job allowed me to focus on the treatment of dental ailments as well as on the prevention of dental diseases, related infectious and communicable diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. The growing demand of my family did not enable me to perform tours of duty out side of my home city, Karachi.   Hence, I decided to take an early retirement from the Armed Forces of Pakistan.   Then, I worked in various medical centers and provided dental services to the Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (P.T.C.L.) employees and their dependents.     P.T.C.L. at that time was a state run Telecommunication company employing over 60,000 employees.   Recently I also did volunteer work as a trainor for the Kitchner  and Waterloo Sexual Assault Support Center. Pursuing a Masters degree in Public Health is in line with my long term career goal of  moving towards a managerial and  strategic role in health care provision.   I believe  that with the knowledge and exposure that I will learn in the University of Waterloo will enhance my skills as a dental surgeon and will provide me with a better grasp on the issues related to public health and disease prevention for a larger population. Now that I have migrated in Canada, I would like to be an effective public health professional and achieve the health goals set forth by the Canadian health services.   I also intend to conduct a study that will lead to the improvement of health and development of the population-based prevention programs. After successfully raising two intelligent and gifted children who are independently pursuing their college education and being a dedicated mother and a daughter and a happily married spouse for twenty years, I am now more focused and prepared to pursue a life long dream of earning a Masters degree in Public Health from a prestigious university. I believe in the saying of C. Everett Koop that â€Å"health care matters to all of us some of the time, public health matters to all of us all of the time†.   With my passion, dedication and drive in achieving my goals, I will be able to complete my graduate program in the University of Waterloo and contribute to the disease control and prevention program of my community.   

Public Health System Essay

Health policy and entire health care system in both the USA and Great Britain create a core for national quality standards. Dealing with health as a key condition for local and global human activity representatives of medical spheres in these two countries on opposite sides of the ocean have long-term experience which differs greatly in terms of functional, financial, and social issues. Financing. In the UK financing of the industry is done out of taxation paid by people on regular basis. 130 billion of dollars annually are spent to cover expenditures of healthcare system: paying out salaries for physicians, facilitating hospitals, providing latest medical technology and treatment (Hadikin, 2003). British health policy does not require from patients to pay on the scene since it has already been done automatically by their tax procedure. Sometimes those having problems with eyes or teeth will have to pay very small amounts to cover the cost for particular tests. However, such co-payments are not common in the UK and are covered by government for special society layers including aged and young people, special patients with chronic diseases, etc. The state pays directly to doctors and cover fees for a wide range of hospital services (Hawkes, 2007). In the USA payments for healthcare are done through private insurance system. Many believe that British system is more convenient since patients receive â€Å"free at the point of service† medical treatment. American healthcare sector is employee-employer based (54%) with partial governmental funding (46%) for the poor, the disabled, Native Americans, and elderly adults. Average American spends annually approximately $6,400 for healthcare where $2,880 is covered by government, $2,675 by private insurance, and more than $800 paid directly to doctors or other additional services. Unlike the US with population equal to more than 302 million people, the UK with its 61 million of citizens spends $2,720 each year to be confident in high-quality medical treatment. Described in detail, $2,370 are covered by British government received through national taxation and other $350 go directly from patients for extra services required (Sultz & Young, 2008). Challenges. Over years health policy in Great Britain has been facing significant obstacles in its strive for providing high-quality national medical service. First of all, due to the fact that all costs having to do with healthcare are covered through taxation without going directly to doctors on daily basis physicians tend to be less efficient. On the other hand being confident in that medical system is paid for by the government people with light complaints which can be easily treated at home with help of drugs purchased in the nearest drugstore immediately make an appointment unreasonably disturbing physicians who may have very urgent problems to take care of. Also, being structurally located under the government health policy in the UK must follow the rules set from above. That’s why if the government representatives decide that specific drug is cost-ineffective they may choose not to cover such medications. It is especially true for drugs against cancer which have always been extremely expensive with only several month effect and certain plastic surgeries which are considered to be addition features of healthcare and may never be crucial to health (Hawkes, 2007). Sadly enough, Great Britain tends to keep young people and those less than eighty years old in focus. The thing is that significant number of people in their eighties tend to be seriously ill whereas average life expectancy in Britain reaches 79. Unlike the US, where doctors do their best to save people no matter how old they are, English government refers to limited financing and number of able-bodied people who have the potential but need treatment. Unfortunately, anti-cancer treatment costs a lot and in majority of cases prolongs life of an aged person for couple of months only. In the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence is authorized to decide whether specific drug in particular case is worth to be covered and normally they conclude that it is not. One more problem encountered by health policy in Britain again has to do with money issue. Governments have specific amount of money to spend annually on a person who has health problems. However, costs for drugs and medical treatment are constantly escalating and quality of service, therefore, is gradually dropping making this proportion more and more blurred (Hawkes, 2007). The biggest challenge for American citizen regarding health policy is a necessity to pay bills for all services they receive including various tests, prescriptions, visits to physicians, etc. Regardless of the fact that this tradition has a long-term history it has caused enormous inequity between the rich and the poor. Having created two healthcare bodies called Medicare and Medicaid which handle financial issues of old and poor people accordingly, they are far from being perfect. Firstly, people with membership in one of these institutions should go through never-ending bureaucratic procedures that require time and effort valuable for both aged people and low-income society representatives. Secondly, having received long-awaited registration they are provided only with basic services and typically have almost no choice while selecting doctors and hospitals (Barr & Dowding, 2008). In terms of care organization any insurance-based system including American one provides care upon request. For instance, when a person gets heart attack s/he is transported to the hospital, receives necessary medical treatment, and post-traumatic prescription. In Great Britain similar procedures are planned in advance. Thus, British doctors should calculate how many beds for what kinds of patients should be provided, how much vaccine should be purchased to immunize specific number of people and so on. Both American and British health policies have one thing in common having to do with technical issues of the system. Speaking about response times, neither of these states has a set regulation regarding standard response time applicable to all locations under any conditions. There exist certain agreed rules between providers of emergency service and official authorities that instruct required response times. Significant number of these regulations, however, have to do with private emergency service providers who cover only small portions of society. Both Americans and British have concluded that every location throughout these two countries should be provided with 8-minute medical help. (Davis, 2005) Irrelevant of the absence of set rules regarding response times cardiac arrests are considered to be the most urgent and demanding emergency calls in entire emergency service system. Majority of people who experience cardiac arrest should be provided with proper treatment including electric shock with ALS intervention within the first minutes. Figures show, that the sooner the ambulance arrives the more chances it has to save the patient from permanent brain death and irreversible processes which start occurring in human body shortly after the cardiac arrest. It happens on very rare occasions that the person survives receiving help within more than ten minutes. (Davis, 2005) Taking apart from cardiac arrest, response times for normal emergency calls that have to do with physical injuries or wide range of attacks vary from 12 to 14 minutes. Specifically, Wales show the worst result ever obtained in Great Britain in terms of response time and emergency service. According to recent statistics average Welsh emergency service provider arrives not earlier than 20 minutes after the emergency call. British authorities claim that it is totally unthinkable to demonstrate such low performance and that this part should be immediately improved. (Brindley, 2008) In conclusion it would be appropriately to note that both health policies have their advantages and drawbacks as basically any other system. The following table highlights key features of American and British healthcare sectors: Health policy in the UK Health policy in the USA Advantages Drawbacks Advantages Drawbacks Every member of society is provided with medical care Random cases of poor quality service due taxation payments as opposed to direct ones Better consumer choice provided due higher cost for medical services Only insured ones get the best service and treatment Because of sufficient NHS funds treatment and drugs cost less Some misuse medical treatment due to longing for communication and company (especially old people) Active implementation of latest technological equipment and scientific innovations in medical sphere Many retired people choose to work since it’s the only way to receive medical insurance Patients receive decent treatment regardless of their age, social status, or level of income Many claim they do not receive the right to choose a hospital or a doctor they like Patients visit hospital only in cases when it is really necessary, reasonable, or urgent Prices for medical treatment and drugs are higher because of debates and policy on governmental levels References Barr, J., & Dowding, L. (2008). Leadership in Health Care. London: SAGE Ltd. Breen, N., Woods, J., Bury, G., Murphy A. & Brazier, H. (1999).   A national census of ambulance response times to emergency calls in Ireland. Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine, 17, 392-395. doi:10.1136/emj.17.6.392 Brindley, M. (2008). Ambulance Response Times Worst In UK. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from WalesOnline Health News Web site: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/health-news/2008/06/20/ambulance-response-times-worst-in-uk-91466-21109781/ Davis, R. (2005). The Price Of Just A Few Seconds Lost: People Die. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from USA Today Web site: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/ems-day2-cover.htm Hadikin, R. (2003). Effective Coaching in Healthcare. London: Books for Midwives. Hawkes, N. (2007). NHS’s Advantages And Shortcomings. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from Frontline Web site: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sickaroundtheworld/interviews/hawkes.html Sultz, H., & Young, K. (2008). Health Care USA: Understanding Its Organization and Delivery. New York: Jones & Bartlett Publishers

buy custom Fox Programming essay

buy custom Fox Programming essay News and sports ought to represent the reality on the ground. News anchors and producers should aim at presenting accurate information to the public who relies on media for information. False information by media personalities may lead to inciting the public. Hatred may also occur when one party receives favours from the media personalities. Unrealistic news will also lead to high expectations by the public, which may never happen. Most people are also sensitive to sports, especially soccer. Such people will expect the media to give the realistic information without any bias. Information should not be distorted in any way. Dramas and comedies, on the other hand, do not have to present reality because they need to be exaggerated to bring out the comic effect. They should, however, consider the societys morals. Movies and comedies should not be controversial like Bart Simpson. Bart portrays a rebellious nature and some conservatives and parents viewed him as a poor role model to the children. The character appears also to be a threat to learning, according to some educators. This is because the boy performs poorly in school, and he seems proud. He also has a negative attitude towards school. Such movies should be avoided, and instead educative movies and comedies should replace them (Plunkett, 2006). Fox channel has been quoted as broadcasting news of personal opinions rather than the reality. The news anchors fondly use the language such as some people are saying, instead of quoting the person who said those words. Information has also been distorted by Fox presenters. For example, an event was portrayed to have had a large audience, yet there were only a few people in attendance. Fox is different from other networks in the way it airs its programs. For instance, it does not air morning and evening news. Fox programming Fox channel presents its programming for up to seventeen hours per day. Most of the programmes get broadcast from, New York, headquarters. Other programs come from the Fox studio on Washington DC. Audio simulcasts get aired on Sirius Satellite Radio, and XM Satellite Radio. Fox also has a website with several web logs and columnists.fox Network stands as one of the best networks in the world, broadcasting a variety of programs; news, sports, comedies, as well as children programs. Fox programs for nineteen and half hours per week. The network provides primetime programming of fifteen hours to its owned and affiliated stations. The prime time is 8-10 pm starting Monday to Saturday, and from 7-10 on Sundays. On Saturdays, late night programming comes between 11 pm to 12.30 am. Programming during the day consists of Fox News Sunday and Weekend Marketplace, on Saturdays. The channel airs sports news on the weekend between 12-4 and 12-8 pm, though not all weekends. Football mainly broadcasts on Sundays between 12-4 pm. Baseball, on the other hand, comes on air between 3.30- 7 pm on Saturdays. News Fox Network, unlike the Big Three networks, does not air national news in the morning and evening. It focuses mainly on its entertainment programs. Fox airs primetime news on separate channels as Studio B and Fox Report. The network broadcasts national election coverage, presidential debates, breaking news, and state of the union address. Fox network does not cover major political convention speeches, aired at 10 pm in the other networks. However, most Fox stations take breaking news briefs. A public affairs show comes on air on Sunday mornings. Fox network provides national, as well as international news for its local affiliates newscasts. Sports Having observed the role of soccer in British Sky Broadcasting, Fox Network believed that Professional Football would make it famous quickly. Fox, therefore, made an offer to National Football League, in 1987, to be paying 13 million dollars per game but, NLF refused the offer and renewed its contract with ABC. Six years later, after the expiry of the contract, Fox offered a $1.58 bid to NFL, for four years. NFL selected the bid bringing to an end the CBS of football. Fox also received rights from the New World Communications to acquire ten of its affiliates. This helped Fox to market its other shows to the newly acquired viewers. Fox Network received over-air-broadcast to National Hockey League, NASCAR auto racing, and Major League Baseball. Fox also aired college football games between 2007 and 2010. In 2011, Fox together with mixed martial arts promoted the Ultimate Fighting Baseball. Childrens programming Airing of childrens programming by Fox started in 1990 with the launch of the Fox Kids Network. Many cartoons and fantasy action programs came on the air. These included Goosebumps, Bobbys World, Power Rangers, The Tick, Indiana, and X-Men. Animated series, which included Tiny Toon Adventures and Batman, got added in 1995. However, 4Kids entertainment stopped being aired due to distribution disputes though they have now been settled (Books LLC, 2010). Observations of fox network News and sports should portray the reality on the ground. Fox network broadcasts unrealistic claims on several occasions. A watchdog group on media matters said that Fox News and TV personalities have the tendency of distorting news. The network uses certain software to manipulate and edit reports from New York Times. In the Tea Party protests, in Washington DC, the network manipulated the footage suc that it appeared as if there were several protesters in the event. Fox and Friends show has also been accused of misleading viewers, by showing that Rasmussen Reports poll results added up to 120% instead of 100%. In 2009, Fox News anchor told the viewers that Michigan had a large turn out during Sarah Palin book signing. The news showed that a former vice presidential candidate continued drawing large crowds while Sarah promoted her new book. He added that those pictures came in shortly, yet they had been shown in the morning broadcast. Later it came to peoples notice that these pictures came from McCain/ Palin campaign rally of 2008. Fox vice president later said that was a production error and that the video had not been updated. Fox apologized on air the following day calling it a video error. He added that the network had no intentions to mislead the general public. Fox apologizes more times than the other large networks. The network also apologized to John Kerry, in 2004, because of a certain article that appeared on their website. They argued that the article appeared on the website as a Friday joke. A report written in 2006 by the project on Excellence in Journalism indicated that 68% of Fox stories did not represent the reality. They mainly contained personal opinions, and that the network was more one sided as compared to other networks. MSNBC personal opinion was 27%, and that of CNN was 4%. Fox reporters and anchors do not cite an anonymous source. Instead, they use the phrase "some people say" so that they can include their own opinions and comments. A Pew Research conducted in 2007, to get the viewers political knowledge, revealed that Fox viewers scored 35%. CNN viewers scored 41% while O'Reilly Factor viewers scored 51%. Rush Limbaugh viewers scored 50%, NPR got 51%, Major Newspapers scored 54%, and the Daily show scored 54%. Stanford University carried a survey in the year 2010. Regarding scientific claims, about global warming, most Fox viewers rejected such claims. Another survey conducted by Kaiser Family Foundation, regarding health misperception, found that Fox News viewers score was lower as compared to other news viewers. Public misperceptions also proved to be with Fox viewers. Ohio State University carried a study on "Ground Zero Mosque" in the year 2010. The results revealed that 66% of Fox News viewers believed in incorrect rumor that those who did not rely on Fox News. Misperceptions can be noted on Fox News viewers since the network is believed to be biased. PIPA study found out that viewers of Fox News received false and misleading information regarding 2010 election. Viewers appeared misinformed on issues as compared to viewers of other networks (Liz, Jenna Nicole, 2010). Some critics and observers of Fox News discovered some bias where the channel was favoring Republican Party rather than being neutral. In his documentary film, Robert Greenwald argues that Fox suffered from conservative bias. The documentary being referred to in this case is Outfoxed: Rupert Murdochs War on Journalism. The film uses Fox News clips, and internal memos directing on how to report. During the Health care reform in the US, a leaked memo from Fox asked the staff to use terms phrases such as whenever possible, government option, or, government-run-health insurance. He argued that using such terms would split the American people making them rise against the government. Another bias came in Pew research poll of 2009. The results showed that the channel was the most ideological in America. Among those interviewed, 47% agreed that Fox presented conservative news. Ranking second was MSNBC with 36%, followed by CNN with 11%. Fox programming impact on the society Some of the Fox network movies have portrayed imperfect image of the network. Bart portrays his rebellious nature, and the boy does not receive punishment for his mischief. Some conservatives and parents viewed Bart as a poor role model to the children. The character appears also to be a threat to learning, according to some educators. This is because the boy performs poorly in school, and he seems proud. He also has a negative attitude towards school. Bart also appears to be mean spirited. Some people describe the character as frustrated, confused and angry, hence a poor role model to children. In fact, George Bush clearly said that his government aimed at strengthening families, and making them less of Simpsons. Some other scholars openly said that the Bart Simpsons episodes were disrespectful to the audience. Russia, Venezuela, and China have banned the airing of its episodes, and asked the media to replace it with educative programs to the children. Fox decided not to carry scheduled events including presidential speeches, which brought a lot of criticism. It would only air its regular entertainment programmes while the other channels would bring such live speeches. The network has also been surrounded by controversy due to obscenities in Nicole Richie and Cheer. The obscene parts received criticism from both the television council and the parents. The scenes come out as the worst scenes on TV between the period of 2001 and 2004. Members of PTC do not like some Fox broadcasts and have filed several complaints to the Commission of Federal Communication. The Fox Network has been forced to apologize to the complainants (Macdonald, 2010). The scriptwriter edited the obscene language to avoid future complaints. Many popular shows by Fox receive criticism from Parents Television Council due to its indecent content. American dad, 70s Show, The Simpsons, Hells kitchen, Arreested Development, Prison Break and Married with Children, are some of the shows that have received criticism. The council has at times gone as far as filing complaints with Federal Communications Commission. Fox Network was at one point made to pay a fine of $91,000 for indecent programming. Regarding weekly TV shows, Fox has been referred severally to as having Worst TV Show of the Week. Fox network has been criticized for poor ethics. At one time, Democrats provided a memo to the media. The memo, written by staffers of Republican senator, Mel Martinez brought a lot of controversy. In the memo, he suggested ways by which democrats could gain politically. Fox News producers argued that the memo could be forged by democrats. Senator Mel Martinez later c onfirmed the memo making people question the ethics of Fox network. Fox network has an impact on the society in that most people spend much of their time getting entertained. Entertainment helps people to enjoy life outside their routine work. People like watching news, watching sports, and getting entertained by comedies. Movies, especially soap operas, profoundly affect peoples lives. People tend to expect the love they see in these operas, to be shown to them by their partners. This has, indeed, broken many relationships. Movies such as action movies also influence people by making them violent. The several channels that are available to the viewers have made people lazy as they only sit down watching the programs. Some students have also been not to perform poorly in school since they do not revise when they get to their homes. They only watch their favorite TV programs. Fox network differences to the real world Fox network brought many differences to the real world. For example, it acquired some stations from other networks. This means that those networks, whose stations are acquired, lose popularity. Profits of such networks also reduce notably. Another difference to the real world came when Fox Network started airing NFL, previously aired by ABC network channel. T, therefore, meant that viewers turned to Fox channel to watch soccer. Several other sports such as baseball, basketball, and champions league could also be watched on Fox network. Compared to the Big Three networks, Fox has several differences. The network airs net programming for only two hours during prime time hours. On Sundays, it airs for three hours. The other three networks air for four Sundays and three weeknights at night. Its news is, therefore, broadcast at 10pm Eastern time. Its main aim for this was not to be considered a network be the FCC to avoid regulations. Despite being a prime network, Fox does not air soap operas during the day. Talk shows and game shows are also not aired during the day. They, therefore, offer more syndicated programs such as Judge Alex and Divorce Court. Do not Forget the Lyrics and Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader represent the game shows broadcast during the day as syndicated programs (Kimmel, 2004). Unlike the other three large networks, Fox does not air morning or evening news programs given their primetime schedule. However, the network airs presidential debates, state of the union address, national elections, as well as breaking news from time to time. The range of coverage varies from one station to another and, normally, they limit it to the networks events in primetime block. Fox network, unlike the three large networks, does not cover political speeches at 10 pm. All the same, most of the networks stations give briefings on weekday breaking news. Another difference to the real world is that, among all the US broadcasters, Fox Network comes out as unique in the way it distributes its network HD feed. Fox transports its network as an MPEG stream of transport. This stream is usually intended to be delivered to the viewers TV sets bit-for-bit. Local commercials get inserted by use of transport stream plicer. For the three large networks, the affiliates, decode compressed satellite video feed first, and then re-encode them for the final emission over-the-air. Fox is also the only network that airs its programs, in widescreen, on digital feed that is not available in HD. Such programs used to be presented between 2001 and 2006 in Fox High Resolution Widescreen. However, these programs are currently unbranded. It should be noted that Fox network produces entertaining programs. The network has produced many soap operas targeting young audience. The soap operas includes, among others, Beverly Hills, New York Undercover, and Melrose Place. Comedies have also been broadcast be Fox network. For example, the Living Color comedy had outstanding characters, which have remained famous until today. Stars such as Jennifer Lopez, Jim Carry, Jimmy Foxx and, Damon Wayans have featured in fox network. MADtv comedy series is yet another comedy that people loved, and it remained a hit for over a decade. The Simpsons also came as a strong program, with many people liking it, despite the fact that many people criticized the movie. They argued that Bart did not act as an admirable role model to the children due to his carefree nature. Fox network broadcasts sports in a different way from other networks. Fox Network got granted rights over-air-broadcast to National Hockey League, NASCAR auto racing, and Major League Baseball. Fox also aired college football games between 2007 and 2010. In 2011, Fox together with mixed martial arts promoted the Ultimate Fighting Baseball. This has made the network famous since a good number of people love sports. The network, therefore, has several viewers who spend time watching sports, as well as watching other programs. Buy custom Fox Programming essay

Relief From Tax Penalties and Interest

Relief From Tax Penalties and Interest The best way to not have to pay tax penalties or interest to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) is to file your income tax return on time and to pay your taxes when they are due. However, if exceptional circumstances beyond your control have made it extremely difficult or impossible for you to do that, you can submit a written request to the CRA asking that penalties or interest (not taxes) be canceled or waived. Taxpayer relief provisions in Canadian income tax legislation make a provision for the Minister of National Revenue to grant full or partial relief from penalty or interest payments at his/her discretion, although it is by no means handed out easily. Even if you cant pay your taxes in full, file your income tax return anyway. Before the CRA will even look at an application for relief from penalties or interest, all of your tax returns need to be filed. Deadline for Requesting Taxpayer Penalty or Interest Relief In order to be considered for relief, a request must be made within 10 years from the end of the calendar year in which the tax year or fiscal period at issue ended. Reasons Tax Penalties or Interest May Be Cancelled or Waived The CRA considers four different types of situation when considering relief from tax penalties or interest. Extraordinary Circumstances: These can include disasters, such as a flood or fire which destroyed your tax records; civil disturbances or disruption in services, such as a riot or postal strike; a serious accident or illness; or serious emotional or mental distress such as a death in the family. The circumstances of some divorces could fall into this category also.Actions by the CRA: This category is for delays that were caused primarily by the CRA. Examples are if a taxpayer was not informed within a reasonable time that an amount was owing; if a taxpayer was given incorrect information; and unreasonable and extended delays in the resolution of an objection or an appeal, or in the completion of an audit.Inability to Pay for Financial Hardship: In these situations, financial hardship means that penalties or interest are causing such hardship that the taxpayer cant provide for basic necessities such as food, rent or medical assistance. Another situation might be if tax interest or pen alties are preventing the taxpayer from ever paying taxes owing. This category requires full financial disclosure and extensive and detailed supporting documentation. Taxpayers are expected to borrow money and to sell assets if possible to meet their tax obligations. Other Circumstances: For unique situations not covered by the other categories. How to Submit a Request for Taxpayer Relief The best way to submit your request is to use the form provided by the CRA: RC4288, Request for Taxpayer Relief Be sure to read Information to Assist in Completing this Form on the last page of the form for definitions and guidance. Examples of the supporting documents that are required to support your request are also given in that section. You can also write a letter and send it to the correct address. Clearly, mark TAXPAYER RELIEF on the envelope and on your correspondence. Whether you use the form or write a letter, make sure to include a complete description of the circumstances and your tax information. Make your case in as straightforward, factual and complete a manner as possible. The CRA provides a list of information to include with your request. More on Taxpayer Relief on Penalties and Interest For detailed information on Taxpayer Relief Provisions see the CRA Guide Information Circular: Taxpayer Relief Provisions IC07-1. See Also: Penalties for Filing Your Canadian Income Taxes LateWays to Pay Your Canadian Personal Income Taxes

Analyzing A Selection Of Childrens Literature English Literature Essay

Analyzing A Selection Of Childrens Literature English Literature Essay With the birth of the field of children’s literature over two centuries old, Carnegie Medal winners represent only a small part of the history and tradition of children’s literature. The Graveyard Book (2009), the most recent addition recipient of the award, follows some of the traditions of the field, and differs in others. In my attempt to discuss how The Graveyard Book fits into the history and tradition of children’s literature, I will be comparing it with other notable works in the field, specifically, Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island (1883), J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997), and Philippa Pearce’s Tom’s Midnight Garden (1958). As a fellow Carnegie winner, Tom’s Midnight Garden, offers a comparison of fantasy fiction, and when considered with Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone provides an interesting view of the changes that have occurred in the genre over the years . Treasure Island is structured similarly to The Graveyard Book, and both novels are good examples of the bildungsroman genre. In the course of this essay I will be referring to a range of critical material relevant to my discussion. The effect of children’s literature on children, and the reverse, is circular; as children’s attitudes to the world around them change, so too does the literature written for them, and as that literature changes, it again affects children’s attitudes. Furthermore, the evolution of adults’ understanding of childhood has affected which books are deemed suitable for publication. Children’s literature commonly exemplifies the beliefs and context of the culture in which it is written, however, since the majority of children’s literature is written by adults, it often reflects issues that concern adults, and not the intended audience. Adult-authors must make assumptions about the reaction of a child-reader or the beha viour of a child-protagonist, and in doing so, can sometimes offer a poor representation of a child’s perspective. This difference between the adult’s and child’s attitude to children’s literature can often be seen in the contrast between best-selling books, and those books that win literary prizes. Contrary to this, The Graveyard Book has won the Newbery Medal, Hugo Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Young Adult novel in 2009, and the 2010 Carnegie Medal (Wikipedia contributors, 2011), spent fifteen weeks on the New York Times best-seller list for children’s chapter books (Rich, 2009), and has a film adaptation currently in production (Wikipedia contributors, 2011). Gaiman himself recognized the unusual nature of a book being both popular and prestigious, saying that typically ‘there are books that are best sellers and books that are winners’ (Gaiman quoted in Rich, 2009). The popularity and prestige of a children†™s book is dependent on a number of different elements; instruction and/or delight, and social, cultural and historical contexts (Maybin, 2009, p. 116). Maybin states that ‘prizes signify a book’s prestige in the eyes of the critics, but they are not necessarily an indication of its appeal to children’ (Maybin, 2009, p. 118). The division between the children’s books awarded literary prizes, and those that are popular with children is significant. An example of such division can be seen when comparing Philip Pullman’s Northern Lights (1995) and Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone; Northern Lights was the 1995 Carnegie Medal winner, while Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone only reached the shortlist for the 1997 Medal, but went on to win the Nestlà © Smarties Book Prize, The British Book Award for Children’s Book of the Year and the Children’s Book Award, all of which, suggestively, have invo lved children in the judging process. Like The Graveyard Book, both books are fantasy-adventure novels featuring a young protagonist. All three novels are read an enjoyed by adults and children, but while Northern Lights is considered by adults to be ‘quality’ literature, Harry Potter is criticised being not literature but a ‘phenomenon’ (Zipes, 2009, p. 289). Nicholas Tucker (2009) argues that the criteria for judging the quality of children’s books varied according to conceptions of childhood; for those with a romantic conception, the emphasis is on an exciting, imaginative storyline, whilst those who view childhood primarily as preparation for adulthood favour books that are ‘truly representative’ (Tucker, 2009, p. 153). If compared to earlier children’s books, it appears that modern children’s literature reflects the development of a clearer concept of childhood.

LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND COMMUNICATION Assignment

LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND COMMUNICATION - Assignment Example The goal of the speaker was to show how negatively we can use the word ‘I Am’ and delivered the message to use it positively. Pastor Joel Osteen kept the audience alive by putting a little smile on their face. He used many non-verbal skills to become the main and only focus of the audience. His gestures and facial expressions were eye catching and added more meaning to the message he wanted to deliver. Kinesics during a speech enhances the meaning of the objective and conveys the message more powerfully. In the speech ‘The Power of I Am’, the participants belonged to different race, culture, class and gender. As it was a sermon there was no racial discrimination and no class differences were seen in this video. It was a very large but well behaved and organised crowd with people from all walks of life were enjoying the speech. Men and women were together as the speech did not belong to a specific gender but was for the purpose of bringing positivity in the life of everyone. The language dialect quiz is conducted to find out about the geographical point of origin of the people who have taken this quiz. The issues that can arise during a conversation because of different accents and different terminologies will be observed from this quiz. The provided link for the quiz was conducted and a big difference was noticed between the two participant with whom the quiz was held. The participants mostly had different terminologies for words and few terms used by two different individuals were not known to each other. They had different words for the same thing and were not aware of the existence of each other’s word. They had polar accents and it was proved from the very first question of the quiz as both the participants used different pronunciations for the words. From the result of this quiz it is analysed the people belonging to different regions have

Performance Appraisals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance Appraisals - Essay Example Appraisal outcomes are used to recognize the shoddier performers who may require some form of counseling, or in extreme cases, relegation, discharge or reduction in pay. Performance appraisal engages an assessment of real against preferred performance. It also assists in assessing different factors which manipulate performance. Managers need to plan performance growth approaches in a planned way for each employee. Managers should keep the objectives of the organization in mind and plan at best possible exploitation of all accessible resources, including financial. Performance appraisal is a multistage procedure in which communication plays a significant part. (i) Essay appraisal method: The evaluator writes a short essay providing an evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses and potentials of the employee. In order to do so impartially, it is essential that the evaluator knows the employee well and should have interrelated with the employee. The time taken and contents of the essay differ between evaluators, essay ratings are complicated to evaluate. (ii) Graphic rating scale: A graphic scale evaluates a person on the eminence of his or her work (average; above average; outstanding; or unsatisfactory). Graphic scales seem basic in creation; they have a function in an extensive assortment of job responsibilities and are more reliable and reliable in comparison with essay appraisal. (iii) Field review method: To overcome the evaluator linked unfairness, essay and graphic rating techniques can be joined in an orderly evaluation procedure. In the field review method, 'an associate of the HRM staff convenes with a small group of evaluators from the supervisory units to talk about each rating, thoroughly recognizing areas of inter evaluator difference.' Field review evaluation is considered applicable and dependable, it is time consuming. (iv) Forced choice rating method: The forced-choice rating method does not engage conversation with managers unlike the field review method. This method has numerous differences; the most common is to compel the evaluator to choose the good and bad fit statement from a group of statements. These statements are subjective or attained in advance to evaluate the worker. The score or weights allocated to the individual statements are not exposed to the evaluator so that she or he cannot support any employee. In this way, the evaluator favoritism is mostly abolished and related standards of performance develop for an objective. This method is of little worth wherever performance appraisal interviews are carried out. (v) Critical incident appraisal method: In this technique, a manager explains significant confrontations, giving particulars of both constructive and unconstructive performance of the employee. These are then talked about with the employee. The conversation focuses on authentic behavior rather than on personality. This technique is well suitable for performance evaluation

A Comparative Analysis of Early Childhood Curricula in England, New Essay

A Comparative Analysis of Early Childhood Curricula in England, New Zealand and Sweden - Essay Example way they have handled education matters across the spectrum of the preschool, primary, secondary and high school as well as tertiary education levels. A more comprehensive study thus must be conducted to conduct a comparative exploration of particularly the early childhood curricula of the three named countries. The study must be able to establish the relationship in the curricula of the early childhood education across the three countries as well as to identify the differences. The research must also be able to pit the countries’ curricula designs with existent pedagogical and educational theories to establish the best model tenets and also map out recommendations for the development of the curricula in view of meeting contemporary challenges in early childhood education. To identify perceived feasible way sand theoretical tenets that can be adopted to enhance the curricula to meet contemporary challenges facing early childhood education stakeholders (Learners, educators, parents and the government) This research exercise is not being conducted in a vacuum. The research exercise fits into a broad body of knowledge which has had numerous contributions from various scholars, researchers, professionals and students who have carried similar or related research exercises. Also the scope and objectives of this research endeavor occurs within related and implied theoretical, ideological and philosophical frameworks which largely influence the disciplines of business. As such the researcher is spurred to consider the multiple contributions relevant and related to this research endeavor. The researcher will present a literature review conducted in locating the object of this study within the broader confines of the relevant and related bodies of knowledge in focus. In exploring the contributions that have been made into the debate over childhood teaching approaches and teaching techniques the study will review literature on the child numeric and literacy–oriented

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Computer Security - Essay Example Keeping in mind the situation described above publication of a patch and providing technical information about vulnerability during disclosure can enable user’s to take protective and preventive action. CERT, a federally funded quasi government organization, is a key player in the domain of vulnerability disclosure and prioritizes in the publication of preventive measures, such as a patch, in their disclosures. There are certain issues that revolve around the disclosing of vulnerability information. These are regarding the timing of the release of patches which is made critical once vulnerability is disclosed. However the development of these patches takes time. This component clashes with that of instant disclosure, which leaves users defenseless against attackers who can exploit the disclosed vulnerability in the time that it takes for a patch to be released. These are the two critical dimensions that an optimal disclosure policy addresses. For the development of an optimal patch notification policy it is important to estimate the attacker’s and vendor’s behavior. If the vendors do not act quickly to instant disclosure then the formulation of a policy which incorporates this behavior will be strongly discouraged socially unfavorable. But even if vendors develop a patch quickly there lays a need to know how the attacker’s probability of attack changes with the disclosure, and with the patching. Other critical elements that the policy incorporates are a thorough investigation of vulnerabilities that are more likely to be exploited by attackers and hence require immediate attention. These are the ones that the vendor’s need to concentrate on developing patches for. Keeping in mind all these area’s of concern we develop a optimal patch notification policy that balances the issue’s mentioned above. Simply because a vendor releases a patch more quickly due to an early disclosure does not necessarily make this action optimal. Using a game theoretic model Arora, Telang and Xu (2003) show that neither instantaneous disclosure nor secrecy policy is optimal. An optimal patch publication policy depends upon underlying factors like how quickly a vendor’s response is in releasing patches, and how likely attackers are to find and exploit unpatched vulnerabilities. Q2: Here we consider the incentives of the attackers as well as the parties listed previously. What are the incentives of attackers? When we look at the internet we see how it has developed into a global system of interlinked computer networks which have made possible the exchange of information between millions of organizations. It has made possible new forms of social interactions as well as means to probe them. The internet is a unique tool for studying the development and the organization of a complex system. This is why numerous attackers are attracted towards the use of methods to hack into and manipulate various online systems. T here are many classifications of hackers based on the incentives behind their attacks. There are the early gentle hackers, who break into systems to demonstrate their skills. Then there are the ‘black hats’, which might have been gentle hackers at some point but then are motivated to make money as part of an explosively booming business based on ever-present internet insecurity. Moving

World Health Organization Ebola and Leishmaniasis Essay - 1

World Health Organization Ebola and Leishmaniasis - Essay Example 2, par. 2); least prevalent and least widespread is the Ebola, which since its discovery in 1976, has registered 1850 number of cases with 1200 deaths in Africa (Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Gabon), America (Virginia, Texas, and Pennsylvania) and Italy (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 8). These diseases are all acquired in an unclean environment, as they are caused either by bacteria, viruses, or parasites which live in unclean surroundings and thrive on humans and animals in order to reproduce (Zamora, par. 1). The causing organism for Ebola is ebola virus (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 1, par. 3), for Hepatitis B is hepatitis B virus (WHO, Hepatitis B, sec. 1, par. 1), and leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasite belonging to leishmania (WHO, Leishmaniasis, sec. 1, par. 2). These diseases spread easily primarily through person-to-person mode: Direct contact with the infected person’s blood, body fluids and secretions through unsafe injection practices, blood transfusion, sexual contact, and close interpersonal contact in the case of childhood infections. (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 5-6; WHO, Hepatitis B, sec. 5) These diseases are preventable by reducing harmful levels of these micro-organisms around the environment simply by having a clean environment to deny them a place to thrive in and by practising clean hygiene and sterilization to avoid transmission. However once infected, these infectious diseases are all dangerously harmful, especially so that except for Hepatitis B, there are no vaccines yet for Ebola and Leishmaniasis; worst, except for Leishmaniasis which can be treated with medicines called antimony-containing compounds (Dugdale, par. 9-10) and chronic Hepatitis B which can be treated with drugs, there are no specific treatment yet for Ebola and acute Hepatitis B (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 5, par. 2; WHO, Hepatitis B, sec.

A Comparative Analysis of Early Childhood Curricula in England, New Essay

A Comparative Analysis of Early Childhood Curricula in England, New Zealand and Sweden - Essay Example way they have handled education matters across the spectrum of the preschool, primary, secondary and high school as well as tertiary education levels. A more comprehensive study thus must be conducted to conduct a comparative exploration of particularly the early childhood curricula of the three named countries. The study must be able to establish the relationship in the curricula of the early childhood education across the three countries as well as to identify the differences. The research must also be able to pit the countries’ curricula designs with existent pedagogical and educational theories to establish the best model tenets and also map out recommendations for the development of the curricula in view of meeting contemporary challenges in early childhood education. To identify perceived feasible way sand theoretical tenets that can be adopted to enhance the curricula to meet contemporary challenges facing early childhood education stakeholders (Learners, educators, parents and the government) This research exercise is not being conducted in a vacuum. The research exercise fits into a broad body of knowledge which has had numerous contributions from various scholars, researchers, professionals and students who have carried similar or related research exercises. Also the scope and objectives of this research endeavor occurs within related and implied theoretical, ideological and philosophical frameworks which largely influence the disciplines of business. As such the researcher is spurred to consider the multiple contributions relevant and related to this research endeavor. The researcher will present a literature review conducted in locating the object of this study within the broader confines of the relevant and related bodies of knowledge in focus. In exploring the contributions that have been made into the debate over childhood teaching approaches and teaching techniques the study will review literature on the child numeric and literacy–oriented

World Health Organization Ebola and Leishmaniasis Essay - 1

World Health Organization Ebola and Leishmaniasis - Essay Example 2, par. 2); least prevalent and least widespread is the Ebola, which since its discovery in 1976, has registered 1850 number of cases with 1200 deaths in Africa (Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Gabon), America (Virginia, Texas, and Pennsylvania) and Italy (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 8). These diseases are all acquired in an unclean environment, as they are caused either by bacteria, viruses, or parasites which live in unclean surroundings and thrive on humans and animals in order to reproduce (Zamora, par. 1). The causing organism for Ebola is ebola virus (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 1, par. 3), for Hepatitis B is hepatitis B virus (WHO, Hepatitis B, sec. 1, par. 1), and leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasite belonging to leishmania (WHO, Leishmaniasis, sec. 1, par. 2). These diseases spread easily primarily through person-to-person mode: Direct contact with the infected person’s blood, body fluids and secretions through unsafe injection practices, blood transfusion, sexual contact, and close interpersonal contact in the case of childhood infections. (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 5-6; WHO, Hepatitis B, sec. 5) These diseases are preventable by reducing harmful levels of these micro-organisms around the environment simply by having a clean environment to deny them a place to thrive in and by practising clean hygiene and sterilization to avoid transmission. However once infected, these infectious diseases are all dangerously harmful, especially so that except for Hepatitis B, there are no vaccines yet for Ebola and Leishmaniasis; worst, except for Leishmaniasis which can be treated with medicines called antimony-containing compounds (Dugdale, par. 9-10) and chronic Hepatitis B which can be treated with drugs, there are no specific treatment yet for Ebola and acute Hepatitis B (WHO, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, sec. 5, par. 2; WHO, Hepatitis B, sec.

Folk Songs of the Han Essay Example for Free

Folk Songs of the Han Essay Introduction Of the one billion people in China, over 93% belong to the Han nationality. Consequently,the Chinese cultureto which most scholarsrefer is usually the Han culture. However, within the Han Chinese culturethere are differences in custom, dialect, etc. , due to historical events and geographic conditions. Chinese ethnomusicologists in recent years have developed the study of Han Chinese folk songs based upon geographic factors and have labelled this study Music Geography. According to Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong, two prominent ethnomusicologists advocating this new approach,there are as many as eleven culture areas (which they call similarcolor areas)of Han Chinese folk songs (1987: 58-61): 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) P Northeastern lain P Northwestern lain JiangHuai Plateau(northern iangsuand northern nhui) J A Zhe Plain (southernJiangsu,southernAnhui, Zhejiang) Jiang Min Tai (FujianandTaiwan) Yue (Guangdong) JiangHan Plain (Hubei, southernHenan) Xiang (Hunan) Gan (Jiangxi) Southwestern lateau P Kejia (Hakkapeople of variousplaces). With the exception of the last-namedgroup (which is a widely-distributed a sub-culture) ll the above divisions arebased upon geographicfactors. In the broadergeographicview, the Han Chinese culture may also be divided into northernand southernstyles, each of which is associated with one of the two majorrivers of China,the HuangHe (Yellow River) of This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 108 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 the north and the Chang Jiang (Long River, also known as the Yangzi River) of the south. It is commonly assumedthatthe HuangHe basin is the cradleof Chinesecivilization. However,recentstudies (such as Miao 1988: 1) indicatethatotherriver basins have contributed qually to the shapingof e Chinese civilization. Among them is the ChangJiangbasin, which is early t certainlyof equal importance o the HuangHe. Anothersystem for classifying folk songs is by type, of which haozi (worksongs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs) dominate. I propose to examine both systems, in sequence, in order to obtain as wide a perspectiveas possible on Han folk songs. Differences between Northern and Southern Folk Songs To the thinking of Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong (1987: 59), the division of Han Chinese folk songs into northern and southern styles follows other aspects of Chinese culture closely. In this division, environmentis seen as playing a significantrole. The HuangHe basin is a cold, dry and windy areawhere the main agricultural roductis wheat. The p lower basin is frequently flooded. The rugged, intense and disjunct characteristicsof the folk songs can be explained by the realities of life on the basin. The Chang Jiangbasin, on the other hand, has mild weatherand much rain. Rice is the main agriculturalproduct. Life is easier for these people and, therefore,the folk songs of this region tend to be more lyrical, gentle and conjunct. There are many rain-evokingsongs in the Huang He area, but there are none in the Chang Jiang area because there is adequate rain for the crops. As a second geographicaspect, local customs are also importantin the formation of folk songs. For instance, in ancient times, people of the Chang Jiang were spirit worshippers. There are still many funeral songs preserved, such as beatingthe corpsesongs, piety songs, and gongs and drumsof Hell. However, in the HuangHe area,it is not the custom to sing when a man dies and funeral songs are absent (Miao 1988: 5-10). Thus, o both environmentand customs determinethe functionandcharacteristics f folk songs. The following is a summary of Han Chinese folk song d characteristicsbased upon their northern-southern ivisions. It should be This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 109 noted that most of these features apply primarily to the xiaodiao (lyric songs),one of the threetypes mentionedabove. Scales and Modes. In general, the Huang He area uses either 7-tone or 6-tone scales. The most popularmodes are the zhi (sol-re), followed in order by shang (re-la), gong (do-sol) and yu (la-mi). (See Appendix for explanation of modes. ) However, in the middle and upper basins of the Huang He area, the shang mode is particularlyfavored. The ChangJiang area,on the otherhand, most commonly uses 5-tone or 4-tone scales. The most popularmode is also the zhi, followed in orderby gong, yu, shang, and jiao. The yu mode is especially popular in Yunnan province. Melodic Progression. The melody of the Huang He area tends to be more angularthan others in shape and moves in disjunct movement. One characteristic f the intervallicemphasis,especially in the o upper Huang He basin, is the 4th-2nd-4th progression, such as gl-c2-gl. This is relatedto the accentof the dialect (Du 1983: 68). The tessituraof all folk songs of this northernarea tends to be high. Melody in the Chang Jiang areatends to be smooth and curvedin shape, and moves in relatively conjunctmotion. The consecutive use of 3rds and 5ths is frequent. When there is a skip larger than a 5th, the melody returnsimmediately in the opposite direction. For example when el jumps to c2, it turns back downwardto al, or passes throughbl to al (Jiang 1983: 77). The tessitura of the folk songs of this areatends to be in the mediumrange. Musical Form, Strophic form is common to most Han Chinese folk songs belonging to the shange and xiaodiao categories, but the use of refrain is not as prominent as in the Western world. In the Huang He area, xiaodiao usually have four phrases while shange are of two phrases. Phrases are normally of equal length. In the e four-phrasestructure, ach phraseor each half phraseis usually set to seven words. In the Chang Jiang area, both lyric songs and mountainsongs use a four-phrasestructure, gain with phrasesof equal length. In the lyric a song type, each phrase,or half phrase,is usually set to five words. In the case of the four-phrasestructure, elodies follow the typical m old sequence qi (opening), cheng (inheriting), zhuan (turning), and he (closing), which is an organizational concept borrowed from Chinese This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 110 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 literature. The qi phrase presents the first statementand the chen phrase complements it. The zhuan phrase marks a departurefrom the general movement of the previous phrases, and the he phraseconcludes the piece. This kind of structure s especially clear in the xiaodiao of the lower Chang i Jiang basin. Of course, this form is very generaland thereare exceptions. a Example 1, Xiu Hebao (Embroidering Pouch), is a love song from northern Shanxi province (Zhongguo Minge Xuan 1980: 217). It represents the northernstyle of folk song. The words are about a young girl thinking of her lover while embroidering a pouch for him. (Embroidered pouches were a popular handicraft for women in rural China. ) The scale of this piece is pentatonicand the mode is shang, dI (re) being the final. The appearanceof d2-g2 (m. 1), d2-g2 (m. 2-3), g2-d2 (m. 3), al-d2_g2-d2 (m. 5-6), and gl-c2 (m. 6-7) are clear examples of the emphases on the interval of a 4th, a typical feature of northernfolk song. Consequently, the melodic contour tends to be angular. The form is strophic in two-phrases, each phrase having four measures. There are generally five words to each half phrase, except for occasional short additions,such as at the beginningof the second phrase(m.5-6). Vocables are enclosed in parentheses. The ending notes on half phrases, d2 (m. 2) and gl (m. 6) , the half cadence of gl (m. 4), and cadence of d1 (m. 8) give the piece a solid feeling in the shangmode. Example 2, Meng Jiang Nil (The Eldest Daughter of the Jiang Family), on the other hand, shows typical features of the southern style (ZhongguoMingeXuan 1980: 155). The melody of this extremelypopular folk song is found in many parts of China, though often with different texts. The text given here is from the best-known version of Jiangsu province (lower Chang Jiang basin). The subject is a lament of the eldest daughterof the Jiang family for her husbandwho was draftedby the Qin Emperor(reigned 221-210 B. C. ) to build the GreatWall. The scale of the piece is pentatonicand the mode is zhi, the final being b (sol). The melody moves generally in a smooth contour utilizing essentially step-wise movement. Consequently,with the exception of m. 5 and m. 6, the general tendency of the melody is gently curved ratherthan angular. The form is a typical four-phrasestrophic structure,each phrase having two measures. These four phrasesfollow the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequence mentioned above. This is especially clear at the phrase This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs Example1 Xiu Hebao 111 (Shanxiprovince) r36 rIs ML i -s. t If ,. . .E eu3 i ~M a? ~L~. i * _k A5 I ~ R~ r # w oA M. I Zf, T t. it ME a t ge- ?18 g: ; a~i i jjM. 9 7k ,4 4t ~I )a i -) †¢ . Al. A aAl Y. Y L . + ID I*. . . 1. When the moon is high and bright,fifteenthis the day; And when the springwind blows willows will swing and sway. 2. Blossoms bloom in March,a lettercomes to me. It was from my only love, asking for a pouch made by me. 3. FirstI embroidered little boat with a sail to see. a And if he sees the sail, hell come sailing to me. 4. Then I embroidered ome love birds;they swam all over the sea. s They stayedtogetherandwere as close as could be. 5. He is young and strong;Im like a blossoming flower. And when he finds the pouch, hell come back for me. a (Text translated nd adapted y RebeccaSchwan) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 112 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 Example2 Meng Jiang Nii (Jiangsuprovince) SIr tr =I I i ~ Li7T i4 *. †¢ .. iE ,- A =. F 6. t MY Ii , * -lI* f†¢ A, 0 1- A r. -t:x A ). L : 5? .- , p r, 1 bC? il ~ †¢* wAaa o . 0 I i. ti. ?T 1 1 fF tt ff t. †¢ t†¢ i ii Bi i t†¢ †¢ n n ! # ? N g 7t i E P m * 0 at t , 5 ~ †¢4 *. 1 w †¢. a h t,o~. †¢r. /4 i t; R . OE ( †¢ 1 . momI I mEI †¢ †¢. I; :W IKE u a3R a S T,~i~r9-k ARcF. t ~ Ar T ~) f UT 5 3L; ok p * ? B ~1 iC f t , _ I ~7(†¢ * ( * r; i J+ †¢. †¢ ; 1 E , I A 4 ff~IBR * rK tAf†¢ tI†¢. a . n ai . P -A rL f e p- C _. †¢. †¢ * a. ;, PQ kfr t. . Ik †¢ †¢ a Es a a , . a it n I †¢_ i ol i 11 4 21t,†¢. . I. †¢ 1. Plum flowers at New Year bringNew Spring, Red lamps are lit at every door. Everyfamily is complete. But my own husbandhas gone to build the wall. 12. it Plum flowers again appearat eve of New Year. g Every home has abundant ood cheer. All preparefor the feast fatedpork andmutton. Meng ChiangNii all alone weeps in bitterness. (Text translated y Bliss WiantandtakenfromWiant 1947: 37). b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 113 cadences of f# (m. 2), b (m. 4), c#1 (m. 6) and b (m. 8). B (sol) and f# (re) are the most importanttones of the mode. There are twelve stanzas. Each half phraseis set to seven words. The text of each stanzabegins with the name of a month. This is a typical featureof xiaodiao, as we shall see laterin the descriptionof this genre. Classification of Folk Song by Type Most Chinese ethnomusicologists (such as Jiang 1982: passim) follow a three-fold classification system for Han Chinese folk songs; namely haozi (work songs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs). Each type may furtherbe divided into sub-types. Haozi (Work Songs) The Chinese name for this category, haozi, means crying or a shouting, n indicationof its origins in labor. The functionof this type of is to accompanywork or to relieve hardshipduringwork. Most work song songs feature strong rhythms, and for each a basic rhythmic pattern underlies the entire piece. This is true of the work songs of any people in the world. Melodic materialis ratherlimited and ostinato used frequently. Work songs are exclusively vocal and the rangeis normallywide. Texts are not organized in any established poetic form and there are numerous vocables used. Solo, unison, duet and call-and-response are typical mannersof performanceaccording to specific working conditions. There are five sub-typesof work songs: 1. Transporting Songs. This sub-type refers to songs sung by laborers who carry, drag, or push a heavy load. Due to the extreme a physical requirements ssociatedwith these activities, most of the songs are short and sung in loud voices. Example3 is the beginningof a transporting song from Hangzhouin Zhejiangprovince. It is sung by portersin the style of call (m. 1, 3, 5, ) and response (m. 2, 4, 6, ). The scale is pentatonicand the rangewithin one octave. The mode appearsto be yu (lami). 1 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions. 114 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example3 UntitledTransporting ong S call (Zhejiangprovince) etc. re! LpqAQ 4 ~4? _c etc. 0 2. ConstructionSongs. This sub-type is sung when workers are building a house or road, digging a canal, gatheringstones, cutting wood, hammering a pole, etc. It requires unified rhythms because of the group action involved in working, and is also often sung in call-and-response style. The vocal range is usually wide. Example 4 is a dike-buildingsong from Hubei province sung in call (m. 1-2, 5-6) and response (m. 3-4, 7-) (Jiang 1982: 73). 2 The melody is pentatonic in the zhi mode (sol-re). Note the wide range in the first measure. The vocables are shown in parentheses. Example4 Dae Ge, Dike-buildingSong (Hubeiprovince) res ;b ~ ,-_ -, s . , t l Ii. twit o #I C),v0 IL i4.? t ( Pomegranates ai) blossom (lie) (ya wei yi a ye a ye), Leaves are green (lie ya a ye), (a ye a ye ye a ye), Leaves are green (ye a a ye). (Translated y the author) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1? Vj iC) Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 115 3. FarmingSongs. Not all farmingactivitiesrequiresinging. The sub-typereferredto here includes group-activitysongs sung while pumping water, threshing grain, etc. Since the physical burdenis lighter than that associated with previous sub-types, the songs take on a character of entertainment. In fact, some farming songs are close to the shange category. Example 5 is a water-pumping song from Jiangsu province (Jiang 1982: 76). It is in pentatonic scale, shang mode (re-la). The vocables (shown in parentheses) are more prominent than the text. The mood is light, and the entertainingnatureof the song includes the use of a percussioninterlude(m.11-12). Example5 ShuicheHaozi, Water-pumping ong s -WWI k, I.. .. . _. -P- br. . (Jiangsuprovince) (Ai ya ha ai ya ai he he ai ai ya) Xue Rengui (ya) sails the seas conquering(yo de) the East (a ai ya li he). (Translated y the author) b 4. Sailing and Fishing Songs. Sailing and fishing songs are more complicated in form and content than the above sub-types. In the sailing sub-type, working conditions change according to water currents and weather conditions; the music changes accordingly. Many songs are constructed in suite style (i. e. , multi-sectional) which are long and elaborate. Call-and-responses a frequently-used echnique. i t 5. Miscellaneous Songs. Work songs which do not belong to the above sub-typesare includedhere. They can be sung by workersin the salt This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 116 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 field, by woodcutters, and by weavers, etc. The characteristicsof their songs vary accordingto each type of work. Shange (Mountain Songs) The term shange (mountainsongs) does not mean thatthe songs are necessarily sung in the mountains. The term should be understoodto mean songs sung in an open area, which may be near a mountainor in an open field. Some shange are sung while working, but the associated physical requirementis usually minimal. Thus, they are not included in the haozi category. Examples of these work songs are herding songs and field songs. These will be mentionedlater. In general,shange are freerin rhythmand higherin pitch thanhaozi or xiaodiao. Texts are improvisedto a great extent. Vocables and falsetto a are used frequentlywhich, along with the precedingtwo characteristics, re due mostly to the outdoor environment in which they are sung. Shange may begin and end with a high and long fermata,developed from shouting to get attentionin the outdoorenvironment. The alternating tyle of singing s is a favoritemethodsince many shangeinvolve love themes sung between a man and a woman. The musical form of shange can be in two, four, or even five phrases with insertions of extra sections in the set structurebeing frequent due to its improvisednature. There are three sub-typesof shange: general, herdingand field songs. 1. General Songs. Most songs which belong to this sub-type are lyrical songs with a love subject, and are expressive of the singers thoughts. They are not related to working conditions. There are more shange in this category than the other two sub-types. General moutain songs can be found in many parts of China and are identified by different names. Those found in the Northwest and North ( i. e. , Upper and Central Huang He basin) have special names such as xintianyou (sing as you like),pashan diao (climbmountaintune),huaer (flower song);those found in the south (i. e. , Chang Jiang basin and Taiwan) are simply called shange. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions. Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 117 Example 6, Lan Huahua, is a xintianyou shange from the northern of Shaanxiprovinceand is one of the most famous of northern hinese C part songs. The text mentions the unhappy marriage arrangements of the peasant girl, Lan Huahua,in ruralChina. The melody is pentatonic,in the yu mode and the structureis in two phrases, both ending on gl (la). The high cry in the beginning, notated as a high-pitched fermatain m. 2, is a typical feature of the shange. The tessitura is generally high and the direction of the melody at the end moves from high to low. This song is lyrical in nature,with a rhythmthat is freer, when sung, than the notation indicates (ZhongguoMinge Xuan 1980: 168). Example 7, Ge Youmai (Wheat Cutting), is a shange from Shaanxi province in northernChina. This is a good example of the use of insertions in shange. In its original form, it is a simple two-phrasepiece, with each phrasehaving four measures(7-a). Due to the insertions(7-b, m. 3-4, 8-11)and slight alterations(7-b, m. 2, 13), it is expandedinto a longer piece, but is still in two phrases (Jiang 1982: 128-129). The piece is pentatonic in zhi mode. Its generally high tessitura, conjunct melodic movement, and emphasison the intervalof a 4th (7-b, m. 1, 7) are typical of the northernstyle. The fermatain m. 1 is also a featureof the shange, and the entire piece has several others as well. There are suggestions of a love theme in the text. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 118 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example6 Lan Huahua (Shaanxiprovince) _ F- 1 F. a l * . Ti !; i !. _ E~ 7E* 1 1 rF s f, IA in,* J o 1f1 A 7ft . 1, I .. N;. .. 5. f *E T op/ . iv . T t x m. †¢ 1 1-1 i 4v IT I X. AI a A I E T1 4. IT La t +Ix *. * *m , m †¢ ji 8 114 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ , ! †¢ 1In 1f f , LI . r.. q I. 00 _i __ MR -MI , PSI $ 1. Threadsof black and threadsof blue, bluerthanthe sky. Sewed for baby Lan Huahua,apple of her motherseye. 2. Shooting up like the sorghumtall, beautybringsher fame. In every village in the land, everybodyknows her name. 3. New Year broughtthe matchmaker, ixed the bridegrooms f price. After the paymentsmade in March,in April shellbecome his wife. 4. Wedding music fills the air, drumsand whistles sound. She is tornfrom her own truelove andcarriedto the Zhou compound. (English text from Mai 1984: 19-20, first four verses) This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs Example7 Ge Youmai 119 (Shanxiprovince) 7-a IF I r AZK r I3 W I / ((I*I 41 IU~p r a I 1117RR I .16 v ~U~114 7. i r I a (-Ia. I ) *2I. II~ 7-a Brotheris cuttingwheatin the mountain. Sister is digging herbmedicine in the swamp. 7-b Brotheris up in the mountain(si lo) (si lo) cuttingwheat. Little sisteris in the swamp,in the ditch, at the divergingroad (ge beng) (ge beng) digging the herbmedicine (a mo) beloved. (Translated y the author) b 2. Herding Songs. Herding songs are sung mainly by boys in the field. Some include passages which call the herds, while working others are sung in question-answerstyle between two boys. Most herding songs are simple and free in structure. In fact, some are very simple childrens songs. 3. Field Songs. Songs which belong to this sub-type are sung in the rice fields while plantingseeds, tilling soil, etc. , to promote enthusiasm andrelease tension. It is said thatat one time specializedtroupeswere hired to sing in the fields (Jiang 1982: 162). However, since these songs are not. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 120 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 restrictedby working conditions and are somewhat entertainingin nature, they are not considered to be haozi; and some fit more closely into the xiaodiao category. Field songs are sung in a high voice, often with falsetto. The melodies tend to be long and the rhythmsfree, which are typical featuresof shange. However, the natureof the field songs is more complex because they are sung in call-and-responsewith ostinato, which are features of the haozi. As Jiang Mingdun states, field songs are basedon the shange but mixed with elements of haozi and xiaodiao( 1982: 164). Xiaodiao (Lyric Songs) Xiaodiao (or xiaoqu ) means little tune. There is no acccurate translationfor this term, though it can be translatedas popular song, folk tune, folk song, lyric song, folk melody, etc. (Witzleben 1988: 11. ). Comparedto the above-mentionedgenres, the melody of xiaodiao is more r lyrical, the rhythmmore static,and the formalstructure elativelyclear. The text is not improvised as it is in the haozi or shange, and vocables, if used, i areintegrated nto the text. One source (Sung 1979: 201-245) divides xiaodiao into the following sub-types: lyric songs, humorous songs, childrens songs and customs songs, (i. e. , songs sung at weddings, funerals, etc. ). However, since this paper follows the outline of Jiang Mingduns book, his subdivision system is used. 1. Narrative Songs. The Chinese name for this sub-type, means narrative inging tune. This group includes songs yinchang diao, s that are somewhatfunctionalin nature. The generalorientationis narrative as opposed to lyrical ( i. e. , closer to the spoken language), and their structures are also comparatively less complex. Examples include childrens songs, lullabies, funeral songs, recitation of poems, vendors songs and customs songs, etc. 3 The Chinese term of this sub-type, yaoqu is 2. Little Songs. difficult to translate. Yaoalone means song;however, the translation here simply denotes its short length and simple structure. These are songs sung in daily life, but they are not as directly associated with specific This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 121 functions as are the narrative ongs. Phrasesare more balancedin structure s but are nevertheless short. The vocal range is narrow and the rhythm simple. Examples include laborers songs, womens laments, gameplaying songs, and even some love songs. Love songs, however, are usually assigned to the popularsong sub-typediscussed below. 3. PopularSongs. The Chinese term shidiao can be translatedas seasontune. Althoughthe translationpopular ongmay mislead people s to associate these songs with currentpop songs, it nevertheless denotes a sense of popularityamongpeople, and is useful. Songs of this sub-typeare a sung mainly for entertainment t home, in teahouses, in cities, and in rural areas. The singers may be either amateursor professionals. All of the songs discussed until this point are sung by their creators. The popular song sub-type, on the other hand, is generally sung by entertainers. Instrumentalaccompanimentis added to these songs in most cases. Folk songs of this type are clearly the most numerous. Most of the folk songs known to the people of China (and throughoutthe world) belong to this sub-type. They are, in fact, considered to be at the heart of Han Chinese folk songs. The musical form of most popular songs follows the two or four equal phrase structure. In the case of the four-phrase structure,the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequenceis followed. Generally,each phraseis set to seven words, excluding vocables. Many popularsong texts are organized in sets of four, five or twelve stanzasin orderto representthe four seasons, five evening hour markings and the twelve months, respectively. Each stanza of text begins with a season, an hour marking,or a month. Due to the wide popularity of these songs, the same melody sometimes has different texts, and the same title may have differentmelodies. Two good examples of this sub-type have been presented above as examples of the northernand southernstyles Xiu Hebao (Example 1), and Meng Jiang Nii (Example 2). This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 122 LiuyueMoli Example8 (Taiwan) k, A s i wIo 5 65 i 2†¢3 5. 6, . O T ii E TET ttft ktf k li A 1 i 5 61 I I I 2 I 3 / 2161 6I I , 6 †¢i I 5 .23253-. 76i5-. iPM I 4 -4 T A AA AC 4 r t/JP) ~ -A aK, Ifr. O A t f P-ai 04 9) v QA A 04 0 oqw 04) HF If) f b a) ? 1F A A -9x ~ 4-: A A Ai -. g~qjg*~ P e~ f 1. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth moon arefair, And theresa young lad whos noble and fine. Lovely flowers rarelyever grow all alone; Fair lonely lass can be sad, so sad. 2. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth Moon are fair, Lovely lass has never been found. Flowers andlasses shouldnever be alone; Sad is the lovely lass whos never, never found. 3. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth Moon are fair, Lasses alone are sorryand sad. Lovely flowers should be blooming side by side, When will the lass be found andnever be alone? a (Firstthreeverses translated nd adaptedby Rebecca Schwan. ) This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 123 Example 8, LiuyueMoli (JasmineFlowers in the Sixth Moon)is anothergood example of a popularsong. This piece is from Taiwan and is in the southern style (Jian 1984: 50). The text speaks of a girl who compares herself to pretty jasmine flowers, and longs for a lover. The sixth moon refers to the sixth month of the lunar calendar. With the exception of a leap of a 6th (m. 2-3), the melody moves smoothly in conjunct movement with many intervalsof a 3rd. It is in pentatonicscale, zhi mode, the final being gl (sol). The form is in four equal phrases,each having four measures,and it fits the qi, cheng, zhuan,he sequence. The el (mi) pitch at the end of the thirdphraseis tonally far away from gl (sol) at the very end hence, its functionis zhuan(turning). he ending pitch of T the first phrase, d2 (re), on the other hand, is closely related to gl (sol). There are seven words in each half phrase, with some vocables at the end (shown in parentheses). Conclusion We have observed the possibility of seeing Han Chinese folk songs in terms of north-south divisions. From this perspective, it seems that geographicalfactors have influenced the characteristicsof folk songs. We have also seen the classification of folk songs by type, involving three majorcategories and their sub-types. It is importantto note thatwhile folk songs such as the xiaodiao (lyric songs) are encountered frequently in China, there are also haozi (work songs) and shange (mountain songs) which are relatively unknown outside of China. It is hoped that this introductionwill lead to more thoroughinvestigationsof this subjectin the Westernworld. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 124 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Notes 1 This song was transcribed y the authorfrom the recording, Behind b the GreatWall (MonitorRecordsMP 525), Side A, Band 2. The cut fades out graduallywithout a final pitch. It is only assumed to be in the yu mode from the general melodic movement. The same recordingfeatures several good work song examples and an excellent example of the sailing song subtype. 2 m Due to difficultiesin reproduction, usicalexamples takenfrom Jiang Mingdunsbook are recopied by the author. It seems contradictoryto include non-lyrical and functional songs here, but the author follows Jiangs theory. The same contradictory situationexists in the next sub-type. 3 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 125 Appendix: Scales and Modes of Han Chinese Music The Chinese names for pitches, scales and modes are summarized here accordingto the system establishedby Li Yinghai (1981: 11). Since he discusses only pentatonic scales, other scales will be omitted. Pitches denote relative ratherthan absolute values. The first note of each series is the name of the mode. Gong Gong Shang JiaoZhi Yu Gong Shang JiaoZhi n Shang n Jiao A -n vu1 U Q This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Yu 1 AsianMusic,Spring/Summer 989 126 Glossary of Selected Terms ChangJiang l pashandiao fR Lbi †¢ , qi cheng u GeYoumai shang gong shange Han shidiao haozi , he huaer xiaodiao T- j xiaoqu iU ~ xintianyou HuangHe XiuHebao jiao yaoqu LanHuahua yinchangdiao t7 , †¢ M Liuyue oli MengJiangNii # j t I~0 yu zhi zhuan Authors Names Du Yaxiong MiaoJing Jia.